China's poverty alleviation policy is one of the key tasks of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Government for a long time, and its effectiveness has been widely recognized at home and abroad. According to data from authoritative agencies such as the National Bureau of Statistics and the United Nations, since 2012, China has achieved nearly 100 million rural poor people out of poverty, and all 832 poor counties have taken off their hats. This achievement can be called a miracle in the history of human poverty reduction. The following objective analysis of the effectiveness and challenges of poverty alleviation policies from multiple angles： --- ###1. The main results of poverty alleviation policies 1. **Significant infrastructure improvement** Infrastructure construction (such as roads, electricity, communications, and drinking water projects) in poor areas has been greatly improved. For example, as of 2020, the proportion of poor villages in the country with optical fiber and 4G networks has exceeded 98%, and the total mileage of rural roads has reached 4.2 million kilometers, which has greatly improved the production and living conditions in remote areas. 2. **Improve the level of education and medical care** -**Education and poverty alleviation**: Through the ”two exemptions and one supplement" policy (exemption of tuition and miscellaneous fees, textbook fees, subsidy for living expenses), the problem of children from poor families dropping out of compulsory education has been dynamically eliminated. -**Medical poverty alleviation**: The coverage rate of basic rural medical insurance has reached 99.9%, and the actual reimbursement rate for hospitalization expenses of the poor has exceeded 80%, and the problem of poverty caused by illness has been effectively alleviated. 3. **Industrial poverty alleviation activates endogenous vitality** Through the development of characteristic agriculture, tourism and e-commerce to alleviate poverty, many poor areas have formed a sustainable industrial model. For example, the tea industry in Guizhou, wolfberry cultivation in Gansu, and tourism poverty alleviation projects in Yunnan have driven millions of poor people to increase their incomes. 4. **Positive evaluation from the international community** The World Bank report pointed out that China's contribution to global poverty reduction exceeds 70%. United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said that ”China's precision poverty alleviation strategy is the only way to help the poorest people and achieve the goals of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda." --- ###2. Challenges in poverty alleviation practice Despite the remarkable results, poverty alleviation still faces some long-term and structural problems.： 1. **Unbalanced regional development** Some poverty-stricken areas have weak foundations, single industries, and insufficient risk resistance. For example, some northwest regions are still limited by natural conditions, and there is a potential risk of returning to poverty due to disasters. 2. **The complexity of relative poverty** After absolute poverty is eliminated, relative poverty issues such as urban-rural disparities and income disparities still exist. In 2022, the per capita disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents in China will be 2.45:1, and it will take longer-term efforts to narrow the gap. 3. **Individual deviations in policy implementation** There have been problems such as “digital poverty alleviation” and “formalist help” in a few regions, but the government has continuously corrected them through strict assessments and “looking back” mechanisms to ensure the quality of poverty alleviation. --- ###3. Typical cases and data support -**Liangshanzhou, Sichuan**: In the past, villagers in “Cliff Village” had to climb rattan ladders to travel. Through land-changing relocation and tourism development, villagers moved into modern communities, and their per capita income increased from 2,000 yuan in 2015 to 12,000 yuan in 2021. -Minning Town, Ningxia**: From a "dry beach” to a "golden beach”, through the east-west cooperation mechanism, the per capita annual income of farmers has increased from 500 yuan in 1997 to 16,000 yuan in 2022. -**Economic data**: From 2013 to 2020, the per capita disposable income of rural residents in poor areas increased by an average of 11.6% per year, 2.3 percentage points higher than the national average. --- ###4. Future direction: Rural revitalization and common prosperity The Chinese government has shifted the focus of poverty alleviation to rural revitalization, and has maintained the overall stability of the main support measures through the “five-year transition period” policy. In 2021, the central government will invest 156.1 billion yuan to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation, focus on preventing the risk of poverty return, and promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas. --- ### Conclusion China's poverty alleviation policy has made historic achievements in eradicating absolute poverty, but sustained efforts are still needed to combat relative poverty and revitalize rural areas. Looking at the effectiveness of poverty alleviation needs to be based on a comprehensive and dynamic perspective, both to affirm achievements and to rationally recognize challenges. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Getting rid of poverty and taking off your hat is not the end, but the starting point for a new life and a new struggle. ”