The following does not constitute any form of legal, financial or investment advice. Please consult a professional before any legal or financial operation to ensure that your actions comply with the relevant regulations and sanctions requirements of your jurisdiction. In general, international sanctions often target central banks, financial institutions, and centralized service providers that have direct links with specific regions or entities. At present, it is difficult to give a fixed and comprehensive list of platforms that are so-called "affected by international sanctions" because the regulatory policies and user access requirements of each platform are usually adjusted at any time, especially for centralized cryptocurrency trading platforms (such as Coinbase, Kraken, Binance, etc.), most of which will impose restrictions on specific regions or users for compliance reasons. In recent years, with the development of blockchain technology, a type of decentralized trading platform (Decentralized Exchanges, DEX for short) that does not need to be managed by a centralized institution and is regarded as a "borderless" platform has attracted more and more users. The main features of this type of platform include: 1. Open permissions: Decentralized trading platforms allow anyone with a wallet to trade directly on the blockchain without opening an account in advance or passing a strict identity verification process (KYC). For example, Uniswap, SushiSwap, PancakeSwap, etc. use smart contracts to automatically match transactions, which is technically difficult to be fully affected by a single country or international sanctions. 2. Distributed architecture: Since transaction data and asset management are distributed on the global blockchain network, it is difficult for a single regulator or a country to directly control the entire network. However, it should be noted that despite the decentralized nature of the technical level, some countries will still try to regulate wallet deposits, withdrawals and usage scenarios (for example, the conversion of crypto assets into fiat currency). 3. Aggregation service platform: For example, aggregators such as 1inch will automatically call multiple DEX platforms for optimal transactions based on user needs. This type of service itself is also built on a decentralized platform, and its anti-sanctions are similar to those of basic DEX, but in specific operations, it may still be affected by certain intermediary service providers. It should be noted that: • Although decentralized platforms are technically "neutral", users still need to pay attention to the laws of their country or region. Some jurisdictions may have strict regulatory measures on the use, exchange or cross-border transfer of crypto assets. • Some centralized trading platforms may proactively exclude entities or regions on the sanctions list for compliance reasons. On the other hand, there are also platforms in relatively gray areas, but these platforms are usually accompanied by higher risks (whether security, liquidity or compliance risks), and you need to be extra cautious before using them. • International sanctions and the policies of various platforms may change at any time. Please be sure to check the latest information and ensure compliance before use. In summary, if your goal is to find a platform with relatively less regulatory pressure, then decentralized trading platforms (such as Uniswap, SushiSwap, PancakeSwap and related aggregators) may meet this requirement. But no matter which platform you choose, be sure to do sufficient due diligence and strictly abide by local laws and regulations.