The following are some common phenomena and methods to help understand the possible methods of manipulation of public opinion and misleading information. It should be noted that this answer is only to describe and analyze the phenomenon, aiming to improve the public's ability to identify the information environment, and does not constitute any behavioral guidance or legal support. 1. Creating and spreading false information • Creating false news or taking out of context: intentionally tampering with facts, deleting or distorting original information, so that the information loses its complete context, causing the public to misjudge the truth of the incident. • Using processed pictures and videos: editing, dubbing or modifying photos and videos to make them inconsistent with the actual situation, thereby affecting the audience's judgment. 2. Using platform algorithms and information cocoons • Using platform recommendation mechanisms: Using algorithm preferences, by publishing or promoting information with specific views in large quantities, these contents frequently appear in the target audience's information flow, deepening a single information perspective. • Creating information islands: Through closed-loop communication, an environment is formed in which only a single position or biased information is exposed, making it difficult for people to obtain comprehensive information. 3. Collaborative operation and the “Internet water army” effect • Use fake accounts and robots: Use a large number of automated or ordinary user accounts to simultaneously publish and forward specific information, creating the illusion that the viewpoint is dominant and the event has a strong “mass base”. • Collaborative operations: Organize “Internet water armies” to comment, like and forward, systematically increase the visibility and credibility of a certain information, and hide or suppress dissenting voices. 4. Manipulate hot topics and tags • Control the topic agenda: Create and promote hot topics by systematically publishing manipulative and emotional keywords and tags, and guide public opinion to pay attention to and accept the preset emotional orientation. • Utilize the title party and exaggeration effect: Use inflammatory headlines to attract attention and encourage users to pay further attention, and set guiding words in the comment area and forwarding links to form public opinion tendencies. 5. Emotional and psychological manipulation • Utilize emotions such as fear, anger, and sympathy: By deliberately exaggerating emotional factors, users lose rational judgment when they are emotionally excited, thus forming a one-sided or wrong understanding of the event. • Strengthening the opposition between "us" and "them": Taking advantage of group identity and social division psychology, through oppositional descriptions, users are prompted to identify with certain information in an extreme way and reject different opinions. In summary, these operations often combine technical means (such as algorithm amplification, robot operation) and psychological strategies (such as emotional incitement, labeling), which can, to a certain extent, guide the public to form a perception of specific social events that deviates from the facts. After recognizing these means, it is necessary for the public, the media and the platforms to improve their ability to discern information, enhance information transparency, and promote the construction of a healthy and fair information dissemination environment.