In the spread of false information, manipulating evidence to mislead investigation results usually adopts the following strategies: 1. **Falsifying data**: Creating false statistics or research results to support a particular view or claim. This may include creating fake websites or forging academic papers. 2. **Selective citation**: Citation of only part of the evidence that supports a specific argument, while ignoring or excluding opposing opinions or broader research results. This selectivity can lead to misunderstanding or distortion of facts. 3. **Manipulating data sources**: Falsifying or tampering with the source of data to make it appear more authoritative. For example, by pretending to be an expert or institution to support a certain false information. 4. **Simulation experiment**: Using poorly designed or biased experimental results to support a certain argument. For example, the results obtained in a controlled environment may not be generalizable to real-world situations. 5. **Confusing concepts**: Using complex terms and concepts to make it difficult for the general public to understand the real situation, thereby misleading the authenticity of the information. 6. **Using emotional appeals**: Covering up the facts through stories or cases with strong emotional colors to stimulate the public's emotional response and deviate from rational judgment. 7. **Social proof**: Using public recognition or social media to create the illusion that a point of view is widely accepted and increase its credibility. 8. **Fake evidence**: Directly fabricating false evidence, such as fake photos, fake videos, or fake screenshots, to support a false argument. The effectiveness of these strategies lies in the fact that people are often subject to cognitive biases when receiving information, especially in terms of emotion and cognitive confirmation. Therefore, vigilance and identification of these manipulation techniques are key to ensuring accurate information.