From a technical perspective, there are many ways and means to spread false information to manipulate public opinion, mainly including the following: 1. **Social media platforms**: - **Fake accounts**: Create fake users or "robot" accounts to automatically post and forward false information to increase the exposure of information. - **Fake hot topics**: Use manipulation of conversations or topic labels (hashtags) to create false public concerns and induce users to participate in discussions. 2. **Algorithm manipulation**: - **Recommendation algorithm adjustment**: Use the recommendation algorithms of social media and search engines to push specific false information to influence users' cognition and opinions. 3. **Fake news websites**: - **Fake news reports**: Create fake websites that look similar to regular news media, publish false reports, and mislead readers. 4. **Image and video tampering**: - **Deep fake technology (DNN)**: Use deep fake technology to create false audio and video content to make it look real, thereby enhancing the credibility of false information. 5. **Information bombs**: - **Massive release**: Send a large amount of false information at the same time through various channels (social media, email, forums, etc.) to make it look like a common opinion. 6. **Communities and forums**: - **Private communities**: Use small communities or forums to spread specific false information, enhance the group's sense of identity through a closed environment, and encourage users to believe in this information. 7. **Psychological manipulation**: - **Exploiting emotions**: Posting false information that triggers strong emotional reactions (such as anger, fear, sadness) to promote sharing and dissemination. 8. **SEO and keyword manipulation**: - **Search engine optimization (SEO)**: Manipulate search engine rankings so that false information appears first when users search, increasing its visibility. 9. **Fake experts or authorities**: - **Pseudo-experts**: Disguise as experts or authorities, enhance their credibility by posting false information to influence public perception. These methods do not exist independently and are often used in combination to maximize the spread of false information. Preventing this kind of information manipulation requires strengthening media literacy, improving information review mechanisms, and promoting the responsibility of technology platforms.