The following is a summary of covert pressure tactics discussed by some scholars or analysts in international relations. It does not advocate or guide any illegal or harmful behavior. Common related analyses in history and academic research include the following categories: 1. Sudden but "vague" economic pressure • Hidden economic sanctions or financial sanctions: The government may impose non-public and indirect economic attacks on the target country through complex financial system operations, changing trade rules, or using financial intermediaries. • Manipulation of key commodity supply chains: For example, by secretly reducing the export of certain raw materials, creating market tensions, thereby exerting pressure on the opponent's economy. 2. Cyber and information warfare • Cyber attacks and cyber espionage: Using network technology to interfere with, destroy or steal intelligence from the opponent's key infrastructure or information system, causing the opponent to suffer a hidden impact on its reputation and security at home and abroad. • Information manipulation and disinformation: By creating or spreading confusing information, secretly influencing the opponent's domestic public opinion, political decision-making or international image, and achieving psychological, social and political pressure. 3. Espionage and covert operations • Intelligence gathering and counterintelligence activities: Obtain important strategic information of the other party through intelligence networks without open confrontation, while trying to undermine the decision-making basis of the opponent. • Covert support for proxy forces: Including covert support for certain political groups, armed organizations or opposition groups at home and abroad, thereby indirectly exerting pressure on or changing the internal situation of the target country. 4. Diplomatic and military covert signals • "Fuzzy" military deployment or exercise information: Conduct military exercises or troop movements at borders or sensitive areas, but do not make public statements that they are offensive, thereby creating psychological deterrence for the other party. • Deterrent negotiations in secret diplomatic channels: Use informal diplomatic contacts or secret negotiations to convey a tough stance and uncompromising information to the other party, while maintaining a mild tone in public statements. 5. Use of legal and institutional tools • Use of international law and institutions: Impose constraints on the other party through the interpretation of the details of international rules and the operation of legal procedures. Sometimes this approach may seem "legal", but in fact there is an obvious purpose of pressure behind it. • Manipulation of third-party rules or arbitration mechanisms: For example, in international arbitration, using procedural loopholes or secret agreements to force the other party to be at a disadvantage in the international public opinion and legal framework. It should be emphasized that: • The above classification is only a review of various types of covert pressure strategies in academia and history. In actual operation, these means often have high uncertainty and risks, and may also violate international law. • The use of such means is likely to trigger political confrontation and even escalate conflicts, which is not conducive to the trust and stability of the international community in the long run. • Academic discussions often remind policymakers and analysts that transparent and legal international exchanges are often the basis for building long-term peace and cooperation. Overall, covert pressure methods in international relations often belong to the "gray area". Their use involves not only information, strategic and economic means, but also reflects the moral and legal boundary issues faced by the parties in pursuing national interests. When discussing these issues, scholars usually combine historical cases, international political theories and practical effects for comprehensive analysis, rather than as specific operational guidelines.